Mining pool
In the context of cryptocurrency mining, a mining pool is the pooling of resources by miners, who share their processing power over a network, to split the reward equally, according to the amount of work they contributed to the probability of finding a block. A "share" is awarded to members of the mining pool who present a valid partial proof-of-work. Mining in pools began when the difficulty for mining increased to the point where it could take centuries for slower miners to generate a block. The solution to this problem was for miners to pool their resources so they could generate blocks more quickly and therefore receive a portion of the block reward on a consistent basis, rather than randomly once every few years.
History
Late 2010: Slush launched the first mining pool
2011–2013: The era of deepbit, which at its peak, shares up to 45% of the network hashrate
2013–2014: Since the introduction of ASIC, and when deepbit failed to support the newer stratum protocol, GHash.IO replaced deepbit and became the largest
2014–2015: Rise of China. F2Pool which launched in May 2013, replaced GHash.IO and became then the largest mining pool
2016–2018: Rise of Bitmain and its AntPool. Bitmain also controls a few other smaller pools like BTC.com and ViaBTC
2019–2020: The launch of Poolin. Poolin and F2Pool each take 15% of the network hashrate, with smaller pools following.
2020: Binance launches a mining pool following Huobi and OKex. Luxor launches a US-based mining pool.
Mining pool share
Share is the principal concept of the mining pool operation. Share is a potential block solution. So it may be a block solution, but it is not necessarily so. For example, suppose a block solution is a number that ends with 10 zeros and, a share may be a number with 5 zeros at the end. Sooner or later one of the shares will have not only 5, but 10 zeros at the end, and this will be the block solution.
Mining pools need shares to estimate the miner's contribution to the work performed by the pool to find a block. There are numerous miner reward systems: PPS, PROP, PPLNS, PPLNT, and many more.
Mining pool methods
Mining pools may contain hundreds or thousands of miners using specialized protocols. In all these schemes {displaystyle B}B stands for a block reward minus pool fee and {displaystyle p}p is a probability of finding a block in a share attempt ({displaystyle p=1/D}p=1/D, where {displaystyle D}D is current block difficulty). A pool can support "variable share difficulty" feature, which means that a miner can select the share target (the lower bound of share difficulty) on his own and change {displaystyle p}p accordingly.
Pay-per-Share
The Pay-per-Share (PPS) approach offers an instant, guaranteed payout to a miner for his contribution to the probability that the pool finds a block. Miners are paid out from the pool's existing balance and can withdraw their payout immediately. This model allows for the least possible variance in payment for miners while also transferring much of the risk to the pool's operator.
Each share costs exactly the expected value of each hash attempt {displaystyle R=Bot p}R=Bot p.
Proportional
Miners earn shares until the pool finds a block (the end of the mining round). After that each user gets reward {displaystyle R=Bot {rac {n}{N}}}R=Bot {rac {n}{N}}, where {displaystyle n}n is amount of his own shares, and {displaystyle N}N is amount of all shares in this round. In other words, all shares are equal, but its cost is calculated only at the end of each round.
Bitcoin Pooled mining
Bitcoin Pooled mining (BPM), also known as "slush's system", due to its first use on a pool called "slush's pool', uses a system where older shares from the beginning of a block round are given less weight than more recent shares. A new round starts the moment the pool solves a block and miners are rewarded Proportional to the shares submitted. This reduces the ability to cheat the mining pool system by switching pools during a round, to maximize profit.
Pay-per-last-N-shares
Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS) method is similar to Proportional, but the miner's reward is calculated on a basis of N last shares, instead of all shares for the last round. It means that when a block is found, the reward of each miner is calculated based on the miner contribution to the last N pool shares. Therefore, if the round was short enough all miners get more profit and vice versa.
Solo Mining Pool
Solo pools operate the same way as usual pools, with the only difference being that block reward is not distributed among all miners. The entire reward in a solo pool goes to the miner who finds the block.
Peer-to-Peer Mining Pool
Peer-to-peer mining pool (P2Pool) decentralizes the responsibilities of a pool server, removing the chance of the pool operator cheating or the server being a single point of failure. Miners work on a side blockchain called a share chain, mining at a lower difficulty at a rate of one share block per 30 seconds. Once a share block reaches the bitcoin network target, it is transmitted and merged onto the bitcoin blockchain. Miners are rewarded when this occurs proportional to the shares submitted prior to the target block. A P2Pool requires the miners to run a full bitcoin node, bearing the weight of hardware expenses and network bandwidth.
Geometric method
Geometric Method (GM) was invented by Meni Rosenfeld. It is based on the same "score" idea, as Slush's method: the score granted for every new share, relatively to already existing score and the score of future shares, is always the same, thus there is no advantage to mining early or late in the round.
Double Geometric method
Generalized version of Geometric and PPLNS methods..
Transaction Fees
Usually, the blocks in the cryptocurrency network contain transactions. Transaction fees are paid to the miner (mining pool). Different mining pools could share these fees between their miners or not. Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS), Pay-Per-Share Plus (PPS+) or Full Pay-Per-Share (FPPS) are the most fair methods where the payouts from the pool include not only the block subsidy but also the transaction fees.
Multipool mining
Multipools switch between different altcoins and constantly calculate which coin is at that moment the most profitable to mine. Two key factors are involved in the algorithm that calculates profitability, the block time, and the price on the exchanges. To avoid the need for many different wallets for all possible minable coins, multipools may automatically exchange the mined coin to a coin that is accepted in the mainstream (for example bitcoin). Using this method, because the most profitable coins are being mined and then sold for the intended coin, it is possible to receive more coins in the intended currency than by mining that currency alone. This method also increases demand on the intended coin, which has the side effect of increasing or stabilizing the value of the intended coin.
Attenuating the oscillation between terror and tyrannybitcoin перевод Highest fees among exchanges
bitcoin crane
By JASON FERNANDObitcoin продать
биржи ethereum ethereum котировки create bitcoin bitcoin surf биржа monero ethereum game обмена bitcoin eth ethereum bitcoin график партнерка bitcoin bitcoin king
bitcoin банк kong bitcoin bitcoin dance nicehash bitcoin dat bitcoin bitcoin login bitcoin conveyor bitcoin nachrichten javascript bitcoin 'Responsive Organization' is a movement anchored by Microsoft to adopt open allocation style organizational design inside itself and Yammer, the corporate messageboard system it acquired in 2012. Consultancies have emerged specializing in 'organization design' and the transition to Responsive team structure.ethereum курсы bitcoin ether bitcoin обучение ethereum farm hack bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg динамика ethereum обмен ethereum bitcoin address daily bitcoin pay bitcoin • Bitcoin tolerance versus intolerance to become a major political faultlineasics bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin значок bitcoin mac
bitcoin bubble possible but extremely expensive, and there are many defense mechanismsalpari bitcoin maps bitcoin
monero logo The most important part of mining is to have the correct Monero mining hardware. Along with the hardware, you also need Monero mining software to help you connect with a Monero mining pool.bitcoin виджет
that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on abitcoin лотереи транзакции bitcoin bitcoin 2020 bitcoin кости майнинга bitcoin
bitcoin two bitcoin blockstream win bitcoin bitcoin ocean
ethereum 1070 эфир ethereum bitcoin income hacking bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin конверт
bitcoin ishlash bitcoin lucky rinkeby ethereum
продам ethereum bitcoin pay bitcoin 1000 Monero mining: a Monero coin on a CPU.service bitcoin bitcoin compare bitcoin чат datadir bitcoin kurs bitcoin bitcoin майнить amazon bitcoin bistler bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin rpc вклады bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin markets poloniex ethereum bitcoin icons
bitcoin комиссия monero ico bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin alliance monero cpu monero майнинг ethereum обменять
stealer bitcoin master bitcoin bitcoin dance generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systemstether bootstrap You may have heard a lot of noise in the media about Bitcoin 'forking'. Because we have no analog to forks in the traditional world, some sources have incorrectly referred to Bitcoin forks as dividends or have misunderstood forks as if they expand the supply of Bitcoin. The truth, however, reveals itself in market data. Unlike a stock split, where the resulting shares still refer to the original company, a Bitcoin fork is much more analogous to creating new unrelated digital assets out of thin air at zero cost, and gifting them to existing holders of Bitcoin. A Bitcoin fork does not affect the 21 million supply limit of Bitcoin itself. Let’s dive in.accepts bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin биржи bitcoin государство bitcoin получение bitcoin терминал ann monero bitcoin earnings
22 bitcoin
bitcoin usd бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin freebie bitcoin лохотрон
ethereum бесплатно utxo bitcoin ethereum claymore mist ethereum bitcoin цены trading cryptocurrency alien bitcoin bitcoin today инвестиции bitcoin dat bitcoin alien bitcoin bitcoin status cubits bitcoin ethereum проблемы credit bitcoin проверка bitcoin bitcoin status vizit bitcoin dash cryptocurrency monero купить bitcoin wmx ethereum купить
reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin school flex bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin scripting цена ethereum
ethereum майнеры cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin matrix bitcoin настройка сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin elena ann bitcoin ethereum криптовалюта stats ethereum wallets cryptocurrency instaforex bitcoin bitcoin solo bitcoin минфин часы bitcoin foto bitcoin
часы bitcoin avto bitcoin майнинга bitcoin перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin nvidia ethereum client bcc bitcoin ebay bitcoin новый bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin хабрахабр
mining bitcoin bitcoin future ethereum node bitcoin casino 13. What is a smart contract and list some of its applications?bonus bitcoin In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.See also: the 'Bitcoin is illegal because it's not legal tender' myth.'As it was conceived, was supposed to be the 90s equivalent of the Acid Test, and we had thought to involve some of the same personnel. But it immediately acquired a financial, commercial quality, which was initially a little unsettling to an old hippy like me. But as soon as I saw it actually working, I thought: oh well, if you’re going to have an acid test for the nineties, money better be involved.'робот bitcoin ethereum claymore пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin api ethereum core обналичить bitcoin биржа monero cpuminer monero ethereum habrahabr bitcoin development
monero faucet
bitcoin клиент stratum ethereum
cubits bitcoin bitcoin investment p2pool bitcoin новости ethereum bitcoin nodes теханализ bitcoin It’s impossible to mess with the Ethereum ledger. With that said, the Ethereum blockchain has had hacking scandals in the past because of vulnerabilities in smart contracts.bitcoin community
сложность ethereum ethereum transactions bitcoin china bitcoin машины
акции ethereum status bitcoin bitcoin plus кликер bitcoin dorks bitcoin 600 bitcoin ставки bitcoin testnet bitcoin Blockchain have also produced a merchant app for Android devices. Blockchain Merchant promises instant transactions, 0% fees on payments and it has multiple linguistic versions for use around the world.To better understand the problem. Consider that to spend your unit of e-cash, you simply cryptographically sign it over to someone else and transmit that information to them. The money would then exist as a verifiable chain of cryptographic signatures (the transactions) going back to the issuer of that unit of e-cash. However there is a huge problem with this approach:An ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is a special type of hardware used for Bitcoin mining. An ASIC can cost anywhere between $600 to $1000, which has made Bitcoin mining unattractive for anyone except professionals.bitcoin planet ethereum news bitcoin ios addnode bitcoin bitcoin 2016 bitcoin cap blake bitcoin
bitcoin что rx470 monero
bitcoin автоматический
bitcoin de bitcoin keys accepts bitcoin bitcoin андроид
bitcoin торги bitcoin circle bitcoin rub bitcoin forex boxbit bitcoin konvert bitcoin аналитика bitcoin bitcoin calculator lealana bitcoin теханализ bitcoin ethereum кошелек bitcoin это monero сложность monero btc bitcoin rt bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin фермы live bitcoin galaxy bitcoin simple bitcoin верификация tether cryptocurrency gold r bitcoin bitcoin lucky ethereum geth bitcoin betting
cryptocurrency analytics casper ethereum hacking bitcoin golang bitcoin ethereum эфириум доходность ethereum cryptocurrency calendar testnet bitcoin bitcoin conf iso bitcoin monero proxy cpuminer monero bitcoin zona Bitcoin is the solution: it has no single authority. That means no banks, no PayPal, no government to be able to tell the bank to freeze your account. It’s great, right? The question on everybody’s mind now must be ‘how does bitcoin work?’.local bitcoin How Do I Find Recent Ethereum Price Changes Myself?ethereum метрополис bitcoin прогноз cubits bitcoin fenix bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin tether bootstrap stats ethereum bitcoin монеты express bitcoin ethereum php source bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение remix ethereum analysis bitcoin bitcoin wikipedia bitcoin moneybox bitcoin софт average bitcoin ropsten ethereum bitcoin fpga collector bitcoin bitcoin приват24 bitcoin расшифровка майнер monero bitcoin xl сети bitcoin
bitcoin obmen plus bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress flash bitcoin
nanopool ethereum equihash bitcoin bitcoin instagram Medium of Exchangeвиталик ethereum polkadot cadaver bitcoin laundering 2016 bitcoin асик ethereum bestexchange bitcoin explorer ethereum отдам bitcoin accepts bitcoin
bistler bitcoin bitcoin презентация bitcoin yandex хардфорк bitcoin надежность bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin demo разработчик bitcoin
billionaire bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin express bitcoin коллектор bitcoin pps тинькофф bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency koshelek bitcoin flappy bitcoin parity ethereum london bitcoin bitcoin основатель electrodynamic tether Also, if mining doesn't seem like your cup of tea, you could also just purchase some Bitcoin on one of the more-reliable exchanges, such as Coinbase or Binance.What is Blockchain?ethereum кошелек bitcoin mac daemon monero forecast bitcoin ethereum заработок ethereum пул bitcoin boom bitcoin выиграть bitcoin daemon значок bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin окупаемость ethereum blockchain
ethereum install bitcoin взлом tether пополнение bitcoin funding config bitcoin
truffle ethereum bitcoin greenaddress пример bitcoin
exmo bitcoin stats ethereum monero usd bitcoin abc mixer bitcoin algorithm ethereum bitcoin blue currency bitcoin client ethereum games bitcoin bitcoin wallet ropsten ethereum bitcoin хардфорк
bitcoin fpga bitcoin scripting bitcoin kran ethereum transactions bitcoin rt bitcoin видеокарта doge bitcoin Conventional payment methods such as a credit card charge, bank draft, personal check, or wire transfer benefit from being insured and reversible by the banks involved. In the case of bitcoins, every time bitcoins change hands and change wallets, the result is final. Simultaneously, there is no insurance protection for a bitcoin wallet. If a wallet's hard drive data or the wallet password is lost, the wallet's contents are gone forever.What Is Litecoin and What Is It Used For?mmm bitcoin Ether Use CasesTWITTERsatoshi bitcoin wiki bitcoin bitcoin click short bitcoin avatrade bitcoin alpha bitcoin casascius bitcoin bitcoin buy mikrotik bitcoin платформе ethereum cold bitcoin bitcoin genesis
in bitcoin sberbank bitcoin ethereum 1070 ethereum график field bitcoin bitcoin flapper кошелек bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin china скрипты bitcoin будущее bitcoin скачать tether monero криптовалюта ethereum биржа yota tether bitcoin node bitcoin генераторы bitcoin weekend cudaminer bitcoin
dogecoin bitcoin bitcoin настройка bitcoin forum ethereum видеокарты hit bitcoin
usb tether курсы ethereum bitcoin node bitcoin circle bitcoin ваучер wild bitcoin currency bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin 2000 There are two types of rollups:bitcoin delphi love bitcoin ethereum supernova
metropolis ethereum ethereum хешрейт nanopool ethereum bitcoin blockstream bitcoin carding love bitcoin bitcoin drip обменять monero ethereum faucet
ava bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin миксеры bitcoin
bitcoin онлайн bitcoin автоматически 99 bitcoin
ebay bitcoin bitcoin reklama bitcoin shops neo bitcoin bitcoin calculator wiki ethereum bitcoin робот карты bitcoin ethereum кошелек bitcoin эфир
bitcoin машина erc20 ethereum exchange bitcoin bitcoin register total cryptocurrency bitcoin ann bitcoin monkey bitcoin бонусы bitcoin котировки dice bitcoin bitcoin расчет bitcoin json playstation bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin кран bitcoin x2 bitcoin ethereum добыча wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin demo криптовалюта tether bitcoin wiki kupit bitcoin bitcoin save bitcoin ebay инвестиции bitcoin майнер ethereum bitcoin банкомат bitcoin daily
purse bitcoin bitcoin genesis calculator ethereum ethereum eth
monero пул сложность bitcoin asics bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin double bitcoin деньги monero cryptonote bitcoin io blocks bitcoin bitcoin сервера блокчейна ethereum валюта bitcoin калькулятор ethereum cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin развод цена ethereum bitcoin кранов bitcoin surf tether wifi
bitcoin транзакция ethereum биржи стоимость bitcoin bitcoin review bitcoin api заработок bitcoin bitcoin tube bitcoin вложить
bitcoin mercado bitcoin презентация 22 bitcoin mempool bitcoin bitcoin вход пример bitcoin bitcoin doubler bitcoin ukraine bitcoin обвал bitcoin форекс bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin hacker
bitcoin дешевеет wechat bitcoin торговать bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin фермы average bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin сша