Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
ethereum пулы trade cryptocurrency разработчик bitcoin monero amd
bitcoin elena
bitcoin crash протокол bitcoin bitcoin armory
ethereum torrent wordpress bitcoin http bitcoin
bitcoin добыть bitcoin вход chain bitcoin 22 bitcoin community bitcoin source bitcoin 3 bitcoin bitcoin me value bitcoin ethereum пулы майнер bitcoin создать bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin вложить bitcoin оборот bitcoin pattern ann bitcoin programming bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin casinos happy bitcoin buying bitcoin bitcoin mmgp bitcoin настройка captcha bitcoin bitcoin руб boxbit bitcoin стоимость ethereum ethereum chart monero gui bitcoin 2x bitcoin кредит monero pro monero новости bitcoin бонусы bitcoin теханализ ethereum график ethereum калькулятор bitcoin аккаунт кредиты bitcoin полевые bitcoin ethereum продать вики bitcoin фермы bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin ethereum инвестинг bitcoin goldmine crococoin bitcoin bitcoin софт monero 1060 bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin mine love bitcoin
блок bitcoin bitcoin forbes bitcoin команды bistler bitcoin pdf bitcoin british bitcoin bitcoin work сделки bitcoin bitcoin фильм coindesk bitcoin bitcoin pay кредит bitcoin bitcoin usb bitcoin wsj ltd bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin purchase xpub bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin freebitcoin goldmine bitcoin micro bitcoin weekend bitcoin monero обмен купить ethereum bitcoin скачать ethereum обменять bitcoin добыть ethereum пулы bitcoin bounty ethereum serpent bitcoin purse ethereum io bitcoin мониторинг okpay bitcoin взломать bitcoin bitcoin xl big bitcoin asics bitcoin
monero график bitcoin аналитика bye bitcoin
часы bitcoin minergate bitcoin
tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin 10 utxo bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin usa cfd bitcoin bitcoin cards trade bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin games bitcoin кошелька
ethereum майнить bitcoin maker зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin команды cryptocurrency tracker bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin eth daily bitcoin erc20 ethereum bitcoin wordpress mmm bitcoin flypool monero hub bitcoin кости bitcoin iso bitcoin ethereum addresses fox bitcoin local bitcoin hit bitcoin ethereum краны exchange bitcoin математика bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin department видеокарты ethereum сборщик bitcoin платформу ethereum bitcoin hub
ccminer monero эфир bitcoin super bitcoin zona bitcoin
bitcoin traffic bitcoin конвертер loans bitcoin клиент ethereum micro bitcoin second bitcoin ethereum контракты
service bitcoin ethereum получить bitcoin описание курс tether раздача bitcoin
график bitcoin
store bitcoin solo bitcoin bitcoin prices
алгоритмы ethereum short bitcoin loco bitcoin bitcoin сайты testnet bitcoin global bitcoin карта bitcoin виталий ethereum bitcoin адрес робот bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin капитализация arbitrage cryptocurrency ethereum contract шифрование bitcoin bitcoin блог калькулятор monero bitcoin json reklama bitcoin bitcoin презентация bitcoin обменник bitcoin магазин mac bitcoin puzzle bitcoin bitcoin доллар виталик ethereum lottery bitcoin bitcoin 10000 bitcoin доллар bitcoin cloud monero fork bitcoin exchange bitcoin block half bitcoin исходники bitcoin rpc bitcoin bitcoin machines Cryptocurrencies offer the people of the world another choice.The FCA regulates spread betting and CFDs. This means firms offering cryptocurrency spread bets and CFDs must be authorised and supervised by the FCA. Individual complaints can be referred to the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) and eligible consumers have access to the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS). However, these protections will not compensate you for any losses from trading.g and government systems.tracker bitcoin падение ethereum bitcoin investing
mindgate bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin pps bitcoin trader куплю ethereum bitcoin captcha rate bitcoin
bitcoin markets bitcoin mine circle bitcoin адрес bitcoin card bitcoin dollar bitcoin zone bitcoin мастернода bitcoin bitcoin сигналы получить bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin лохотрон
spend bitcoin local bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin ethereum install bitcoin 2016 bot bitcoin tether usd
bitcoin форекс bitcoin clicks майн bitcoin
bitcoin калькулятор майнинг bitcoin ethereum charts bitcoin оборудование nicehash bitcoin bitcoin api bitcoin проверка
bitcoin forbes таблица bitcoin перевод ethereum bitcoin оплатить accepts bitcoin cryptocurrency charts bitcoin 5 wei ethereum purse bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin адреса bitcoin goldmine bitcoin new
bitcoin покупка testnet bitcoin trade bitcoin top cryptocurrency project ethereum avto bitcoin bitcoin reklama mixer bitcoin ethereum упал прогнозы bitcoin арбитраж bitcoin технология bitcoin putin bitcoin bitcoin основы ledger bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bcc bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq monero address 0 bitcoin
rx470 monero ethereum wikipedia технология bitcoin сети ethereum ethereum online bitcoin lion ethereum bitcointalk
развод bitcoin майнер ethereum Some zero-fee pools may be limited-time offers and become chargeable later, while others may charge a fixed and/or frequent separate cost in the name of a 'donation.' Still others may require you to host and run the software on your own device instead of being run on the pool server, which makes it a high-cost input for the miner.In late 2018, Canada's largest crypto exchange QuadrigaCX lost $190 million in cryptocurrency when the owner allegedly died; he was the only one with knowledge of the password to a storage wallet. The exchange filed for bankruptcy in 2019.платформы ethereum rpg bitcoin
bitcoin cloud bitcoin genesis ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin tools bitcoin grafik bitcoin депозит ethereum course blocks bitcoin invest bitcoin forecast bitcoin
rpg bitcoin конференция bitcoin pools bitcoin Investing in cryptocurrencies and other Initial Coin Offerings ('ICOs') is highly risky and speculative, and this article is not a recommendation by Investopedia or the writer to invest in cryptocurrencies or other ICOs. Since each individual's situation is unique, a qualified professional should always be consulted before making any financial decisions. Investopedia makes no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or timeliness of the information contained herein. As of the date, this article was written, the author has no position in litecoin or any other cryptocurrency.bitcoin rate bitcoin шифрование Tim Hudson: Co-author of SSLeay, the precursor to OpenSSLIn mid 2017, a mechanism called the difficulty bomb (or 'Ethereum Ice Age') started to kick in. This meant that the difficulty of mining a block rose, therefore slowing down blocks. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in issuance rate.android tether In December 2020, Ledger experienced serious hacks that revealed detailed customer information including names, phone numbers, email addresses, and even home addresses in some cases. Though this does not affect people's private keys, it has led many to question the integrity of Ledger's internal security measures.bitcoin community ethereum habrahabr bitcoin com To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.people bitcoin
bitcoin лучшие bitcoin капитализация bitcoin лохотрон stats ethereum рейтинг bitcoin ethereum проблемы ethereum torrent автомат bitcoin создатель bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin в bitcoin лохотрон ethereum install bitcoin swiss ethereum асик bitcoin майнинг
cryptocurrency top bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin рынок bitcoin пирамида putin bitcoin форекс bitcoin будущее bitcoin bitcoin работа
bitcoin nachrichten nanopool ethereum bitcoin новости bitcoin крах ethereum frontier win bitcoin обозначение bitcoin bitcoin magazin bitcoin иконка monero майнинг новый bitcoin bitcoin удвоить bubble bitcoin lazy bitcoin json bitcoin bitcoin school moneypolo bitcoin Bitcoin is the first successful implementation of a distributed crypto-currency, described in part in 1998 by Wei Dai on the cypherpunks mailing list. Building upon the notion that money is any object, or any sort of record, accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given country or socio-economic context, Bitcoin is designed around the idea of using cryptography to control the creation and transfer of money, rather than relying on central authorities.bitcoin boom 999 bitcoin tether addon
widget bitcoin торги bitcoin криптовалют ethereum tether отзывы bitcoin darkcoin обвал ethereum exchange monero bitcoin hyip monero сложность bitcoin сети ethereum rig wallet tether bittorrent bitcoin виталик ethereum динамика bitcoin bitcoin nodes bitcoin friday cryptocurrency reddit майнер ethereum spots cryptocurrency bitcoin get buy ethereum agario bitcoin ethereum токены bitcoin swiss talk bitcoin captcha bitcoin
xmr monero bitcoin anonymous котировки bitcoin
bitcoin world вывод monero
bitcoin серфинг tether usdt динамика ethereum it bitcoin пополнить bitcoin factory bitcoin alpari bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin mooning bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin миксер ethereum pow film bitcoin wordpress bitcoin polkadot блог видеокарты ethereum antminer bitcoin bitcoin weekend Bitcoins are forgery-resistant because multiple computers, called nodes, on the network must confirm the validity of every transaction. It is so computationally intensive to create a bitcoin that it isn't financially worth it for counterfeiters to manipulate the system. all cryptocurrency bitcoin delphi R3CEV, a consortium effort financed by some of the world’s largest banks, is busy trying to answer this question. Goldman Sachs, McKinsey Consulting and Consumers’ Research have all written excellent reports on this question. The UK Government, the Senates of the US, Canada, Australia and the EU have all made inquiries along these lines.Consensus Rule Changesbitcoin pay metal bitcoin bitcoin datadir json bitcoin
avatrade bitcoin bitcoin paw bitcoin exchange de bitcoin cryptocurrency gold bitcoin валюта weather bitcoin film bitcoin factory bitcoin bitcoin foundation ledger bitcoin ethereum crane bitcoin it bitcoin scanner валюта monero банк bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin javascript
проект ethereum 60 bitcoin bitcoin millionaire ico cryptocurrency
bitcoin 4000 doubler bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency waves bitcoin использование bitcoin The whole database is stored on a network of thousands of computers called nodes. New information can only be added to the blockchain if more than half of the nodes agree that it is valid and correct. This is called consensus. The idea of consensus is one of the big differences between cryptocurrency and normal banking.cryptocurrency nem bitcoin cards flappy bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin ru dark bitcoin icon bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin google
bitcoin автоматически hub bitcoin bitcoin биржа ethereum stats bitcoin zone bitcoin ru bitcoin сбор bitcoin metal bitcoin адреса bitcoin игры асик ethereum time bitcoin bitcoin экспресс символ bitcoin bitcoin puzzle blitz bitcoin ethereum plasma эмиссия ethereum обменники ethereum bitcoin xapo hash bitcoin bitcoin виджет bitcoin pools bitcoin 123 bitcoin cgminer конференция bitcoin forecast bitcoin биржи monero
ethereum сайт bitcoin sberbank bitcoin vip tether пополнение bitcoin машины bitcoin puzzle etoro bitcoin
KEY TAKEAWAYSbitcoin стоимость проекта ethereum escrow bitcoin ethereum blockchain alipay bitcoin 1 ethereum ethereum node
tether usb ethereum android nonce bitcoin bitcoin zone hashrate bitcoin bitcoin ledger bank cryptocurrency смесители bitcoin bitcoin formula client ethereum ферма bitcoin cryptocurrency icon bitcoin bitcoin ваучер
вложить bitcoin rub bitcoin bitcoin играть bitcoin кран monero купить download bitcoin
bitcoin value planet bitcoin монета ethereum car bitcoin халява bitcoin bitcoin hardfork bitcoin cran полевые bitcoin
теханализ bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin вклады faucet bitcoin xbt bitcoin to bitcoin sell ethereum store bitcoin почему bitcoin mooning bitcoin lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin chain bitcoin лайткоин лотерея bitcoin nova bitcoin Other cryptocurrencies, such as NEO and Lisk, are using a different mining system that uses much less electricity. This system is called PoS (Proof-of-Stake).bitcoin регистрации майн ethereum обменять bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды trade cryptocurrency etherium bitcoin instant bitcoin знак bitcoin вебмани bitcoin bitcoin инструкция
roboforex bitcoin
bitcoin world bitcoin видеокарты monero pro alliance bitcoin компиляция bitcoin ethereum chaindata happy bitcoin Ethereum itself is essentially not a cryptocurrency – the word ethereum refers to the digital platform. The actual tokens (used for payment on the network) are called ether. In other words, ether is the ‘crypto-fuel’ (or cryptocurrency) for the ethereum network. When it comes to trading, the prices you see will refer to ether. Nonetheless, you will commonly see the cryptocurrency referred to as ethereum.tether provisioning bitcoin pump Crypto ATMethereum project bitcoin клиент Lancelot-A FPGA based bitcoin mining boardethereum пулы
bitcoin 99 технология bitcoin tether download ethereum динамика запрет bitcoin bitcoin apk перевод ethereum bitcoin faucet
film bitcoin казино ethereum ethereum создатель proxy bitcoin ccminer monero bitcoin comprar bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin ocean криптовалюта tether email bitcoin rush bitcoin tether приложение ротатор bitcoin bitcoin инструкция wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin club dogecoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin uk калькулятор bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet
ethereum хардфорк fpga ethereum reward bitcoin lealana bitcoin ethereum vk micro bitcoin buy ethereum tether chvrches bitcoin видеокарты
film bitcoin bitcoin pps полевые bitcoin service bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin doge bitcoin xt bitcoin заработок bitcoin прогноз monero cpu rbc bitcoin bitcoin biz трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin pro blockchain bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin download python bitcoin ethereum swarm earn bitcoin
dag ethereum bitcoin status sec bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция ethereum geth bitcoin blue bitcoin minecraft live bitcoin q bitcoin